Safety findings

Regulatory recordSupporting passage inspected

FDA's bulk drug substance safety review lists Cathelicidin LL-37 as a withdrawn compounding nomination. FDA states it lacks sufficient safety information to know whether the substance would cause harm in humans, and cites nonclinical research findings suggesting detrimental effects on male reproduction and protumorigenic activity in some tissues.[3]

  • The cited nonclinical findings are animal/laboratory signals referenced in FDA's summary, not primary studies independently inspected in this batch, and do not establish human reproductive or cancer risk.
  • This regulatory safety note is separate from, and does not modify, the topical wound-healing trial findings recorded elsewhere for this compound; the trials used topical LL-37, not the injectable/systemic exposure this FDA row concerns.
Inspection history

Clinical review: not reviewed by a qualified clinician.

· New source relationship identified and added in the peptide-misc batch on 2026-09-09 while rereading the FDA bulk-safety page; proposed addition awaits independent editorial review.

Clinical & experimental findings

Human randomized studyAbstract inspected

Human topical LL-37 trials exist. In a small diabetic-foot-ulcer trial (25 patients: 13 treated, 12 placebo), the primary granulation-index endpoint was significantly better with LL-37, but there was no significant advantage in wound-area reduction or bacterial colony counts. In a larger venous-ulcer trial (148 patients across three arms), the full study population did not show an overall healing benefit; favorable post hoc subgroup findings in patients with larger wounds need confirmation.[1][2]

  • Topical wound studies do not establish the safety or effectiveness of injected LL-37 or treatment of systemic infections.
  • The diabetic-foot-ulcer trial's full text was reinspected via the Europe PMC mirror; the venous-ulcer trial remains abstract-only in this batch.
Inspection history

Clinical review: not reviewed by a qualified clinician.

· Independently inspected the listed passages; replaced or qualified inherited assertions. No qualified clinical review has occurred.

· Reopened the diabetic-foot-ulcer full text via Europe PMC (direct PMC HTML was blocked by reCAPTCHA) and reread the venous-ulcer abstract; confirmed the exact denominators and that granulation index was the diabetic-ulcer trial's designated primary endpoint. Text revised for precision. No qualified clinical review.

What remains unresolved

Editorial assessment

These notes describe the scope of this review. Linked PMIDs are audit identifiers; an identifier alone does not verify a claim.

Inspected full diabetic-ulcer results and a larger venous-ulcer abstract; separated granulation from wound reduction and overall healing.

  • Injected LL-37 efficacy, systemic infection treatment and long-term clinical safety remain unverified.
  • Other inherited assertions not supported by the published claim set remain unverified; no qualified clinician review has occurred.

This reference does not supply a dosing plan, monitoring timetable or recovery regimen. Discuss personal symptoms, medicines and laboratory results with a qualified clinician.

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References

  1. Efficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.

    2023-07-22. PMID:37480520 · DOI:10.1007/s00403-023-02657-8 Full text inspected.

    Inspected location: Introduction; Methods (randomisation, allocation concealment, blinding, NCT04098562); Results (Table 1 baseline, participant flow 25 screened/randomized, Table 2/3 granulation/wound-area/inflammatory-marker outcomes, bacterial colony counts, adverse events); Discussion

    Study context and inspection record
  2. Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.

    2021-10-23. PMID:34687253 · DOI:10.1111/wrr.12977 Abstract only.

    Inspected location: Abstract: methods and results

    Study context and inspection record
  3. FDA: Certain bulk drug substances for compounding that may present significant safety risks

    US Food and Drug Administration. FDA web page. The footer states "Content current as of: 04/22/2026" (22 April 2026), independently verified on 2026-09-09 by two separate fetch methods. The ibutamoren mesylate row's own dated actions remain the applicable dates for that row's content. 2026-04-22. Regulatory document.

    Inspected location: Ibutamoren mesylate row of the 503A/503B category-2 bulk-substances table: congestive-heart-failure safety-risk description and the row's own dated entries (503A added September 29, 2023; 503B added December 29, 2022). Also inspected for this batch: the category-2 table row for kisspeptin-10, and the withdrawn-nomination rows for BPC-157, cathelicidin LL-37, emideltide (DSIP), epitalon, GHK-Cu, melanotan II, MOTs-C, selank acetate (TP-7), semax (heptapeptide) and thymosin alpha-1; and the earlier named GHRP-6, PEG-MGF, GHK-Cu and GHRP-2 rows

    Study context and inspection record

Source inspection and clinical review are separate. An abstract check is not a full-text review. The records above identify what was actually inspected and do not certify the complete literature.

Recorded verification attempts
  • peptide-pmid-37480520: Methods; Results: granulation index, wound area and bacterial colony counts; Discussion
  • peptide-pmid-34687253: Abstract: methods and results

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Related records in this class

Grouped under Peptides for navigation only. Shared class membership does not make findings, formulations or evidence interchangeable between records.

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