In four healthy volunteers given single 2000 mg intravenous and oral doses, more than 90% of the intravenous dose was recovered unchanged in urine within 48 hours, and oral absolute bioavailability was 75% plus or minus 7%. Intravenous mean residence times ranged from 3.9 to 6.5 hours; the abstract reports residence times, volumes of distribution and clearance, which should not be relabeled as elimination half-lives.[1]
- Very small pharmacokinetic study (n=4); no cognitive benefit or safety in renal impairment established.
- No PMCID or other open-access full text was identified for this 1984 paper; abstract-only inspection could not be upgraded despite a search.
- Abstract-checked; no qualified clinical review.
Inspection history
Clinical review: not reviewed by a qualified clinician.
· Prior batch record retained as unverified historical input pending fresh review.
· nootropic batch: reopened source(s) via NCBI E-utilities / PMC Open Access; verified and refined with precise numbers/limitations from the source.